Who's Your Gatekeeper? Message Framing and Agenda Setting

Agenda Setting
McCombs, M. The Agenda-Setting Role of Mass Media in Shaping Public Opinion. (2004)
Many Americans Believe Fake News is Sowing confusion. Pew Research Center. (December 15, 2016)
*McCombs, M. Shaw, D., & Weaver, D. New Directions in Agenda Setting Theory and Research. Mass Communication and Society 17:781-802 (2014)

Agenda Setting v. Agenda Melding
*Agenda Melding Defined

Gatekeeping v. Gatewatching
*Gatewatching Defined
Gatewatching and News Curation: Journalism, Social Media, and the Public Sphere. Snurblog (March 29, 2004)

Down the Rabbit Hole: Partisan Media Echo Chambers and Filtering Bias
*Broockman, D. and Kalla, J. The Impacts of Selective Partisan Media Exposure:  A Field Experiment with Fox News Viewers, September 1, 2022
Navigator Research. (2019, March 21). Stepping inside the foxhole: The media echo-chamber of Fox News. Navigator Research in collaboration with Global Strategy Group and GBA Strategies. https://navigatorresearch.org/stepping-inside-the-fox-hole/
*Tucker Carlson, The New York Times, April 30, 2022Partisan Filtering Coverage
​*What If Fox News Viewers Watched CNN Instead, Bloomberg, April 3, 2022
 
Can Journalists Be Objective? *(read for discussion)
*We Want Objective Judges and Doctors. Why Not Journalists? Washington Post, March 24, 2023
Full Report: Beyond Objectivity: Producing Trustworthy News in Today's Newsrooms, Arizona State Univeristy Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication and Stanton GFoundation, January 2023

Why People Fall for Fake News | Why Do People Share Mis/Disinformation
*Why Do Americans Share So Much Fake News? The Journalist's Resource, March 17, 2021
Research Study: Shifting Attention to Accuracy Can Reduce Misinformation Online, Nature, March 17, 2021
*Why Do People Fall for Fake News? Gordon Pennycock and David Rand, The New York Times, January 19, 2019
*Who Falls for *Fake News? The Roles of Bullshit Receptivity, Overclaiming, Familiarity, and Analytic Thinking, Gordon Pennycock and David Rand, May 2018
Prior Exposure Increases Perceived Accuracy of Fake News, Gordon Pennycock, Tyrone Cannon and David Rand, 2018
The State of American Friendship, Survey on American Life, May 2021 (read Friendship and Politics & Losing a Friend Over Politics)

Spiral of Silence in the Digital Age (read the background article* plus 2-3 articles to understand the theory)
*The "Spiral of Silence" Theory
The 'Spiral of Silence' Theory Explains Why People Don't Speak Up on Things That Matter, New York Magazine, March 10, 2017
​Effects of the “Spiral of Silence” in the Digital Age. Inquiries, 7(9) 2015
Fake Thumbs Can Silence Real Voices in an Online Community, Arizona State University, October 3, 2022
The Spiral of Silence Revisited, Communication Research, December 12, 2017
Quieting the Commentators: The Spiral of Silence’s Persistent Effect on Online News Forums. International Symposium on Online Journalism, 6(1) 2016
*Social Media and the ‘Spiral of Silence.’  Executive Summary. Pew Research Center (August 26, 2014)
Full Report
*Social Media and the ‘Spiral of Silence' (August 26, 2014)
Unspeaking on Facebook? Testing Network Effects on Self-Censorship of Political Expressions in Social Network Sites. Quality and Quantity 49, 1417-35 (2015)
Under Surveillance: Examining Facebook’s Spiral of Silence Effects in the Wake of NSA Internet Monitoring. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 93(2), 296-311, 2016
Spiral of Silence of Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann. A First Look at Communication Theory. (7th ed.) 2007